S- Stimulus (Input)
O-Organism (processing)
R- Response (output)
vS- Stimulus (Input)Stimulus is the
Variable which initiates activity for e.g.- Lights, Sounds Incentives .
Stimulus sometimes is referred in terms of the sense organ
which is affected e.g. Visual stimulus, auditory stimulus and so on…
vO-Organism (processing)It is known as
individual variables (of any age sex, education level, personal values,
aspirations, intelligence, thoughts which has great role in organism for
resulting response)
vR- Response (output)Responses
are different depending upon the species and stimulus e.g.
Blinking eye is the response to an intense light(stimulus),Crying in pain,
smile while being happy etc..
Later, John B. Watson criticized the
content (consciousness) and method (introspection) of Wundt's
psychology. It is subjective and it is socially
colorful.
And Watson (1913) put forwarded the
idea that “psychology an
objective/positive science or, “psychology is the science of behavior".
His
theory is called behaviorism and it focuses on behavior not the mind. (This is S-R
approach to psychology)
S
means stimulus and
R
means response.
Behavior
(B = [S(stimulus)+R(Response)]
He said that “Behavior is observable and measurable with
objective technique”. Behaviorism always emphasizes the study of observable
behavior.
S-R psychology dominated the field of psychology
for several decades. Later, the observable behavior (S-R) failed
to explain many complex behaviors.
Later, S-R paradigm led to the conception of S-O-R view of
human behavior. This
view emphasized both behavior and cognitive processes are important to examine
and to get a complete picture of human functioning.
In other words, the concept of behavior is broadened
with the S-O-R view. Both 'subjective' and 'objective' psychology is combined
and organized in this period.
Other perspectives like Psychoanalysis
and Gestalt psychology were also in practice,
Gestalt-Concept
of whole greater than its small
Psychoanalytic- Behaviour is guided by inner
/hidden forces.
Psychoanalyst and Gestalt psychologists
look at the
'subjective' (or inner) world of the individual and tried to find out the
meaning and source of the behavior 'inside' the individual.where,Behaviorist looks 'outside'
(environment and person's response) for explanation of human behavior.
Recently, David G. Myers (1997) defined psychology
as 'thRobert S. Feldman in 2000 defined psychology as
the 'scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.‘
In the modem definition key terms include scientific study of
human behavior and mental or cognitive
processes.
It is accepted now that psychology is concerned with
both observed behavior and cognitive processes (such as perception, thinking,
and motivation and so on) in
their attempt to understand human behavioral phenomena.
•
The subject matter of psychology is human beings/Living
Organism and the unit of analysis is behavior (overt and covert).
S-R:---This theory believes that organism responds according to the nature of
stimulus(Stimulus response
Watson and Pavlov advocates this
concept
This approach believes that nature of
stimulus and nature of organism play role in the particular response (stimulus-
organism- Response)
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